Methamphetamine

What is methamphetamine?

Methamphetamine is the most potent form of amphetamine available with or without a prescription. Almost all of today's methamphetamine is homemade and resembles a fine coarse powder, crystals, or rock candy. Its color varies from off-white to yellow, and it is furnished in plastic wrap, aluminum foil, or capsules or tablets of various sizes and colors. Crystal methamphetamine or "crystal meth" is sold as a powder that is injected, inhaled, or taken orally. Crystal meth is similar to cocaine in its euphoric effects, but its effects last longer. Crystal meth is readily available on the streets and is of a purer quality, has longer-lasting effects, and is less expensive than cocaine or heroin. Ice is a large crystal of high purity that is smoked in a glass pipe like cocaine. The smoke is odorless and leaves a residue that can be re-smoked, and the effects may continue for 2 to 20 hours, depending on how much is smoked.

How does methamphetamine work?

Methamphetamine's chemical structure is similar to that of amphetamine, but it has more pronounced effects on the central nervous system. Like amphetamine, methamphetamine causes increased activity, decreased appetite, and a general sense of well being. It is thought to cause accumulation of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is responsible for the euphoria associated with its use. Immediately after smoking or injecting the drug, the user experiences an intense rush or "flash" that lasts only a few minutes. Snorting or oral ingestion produces euphoria, a high but not intense rush. Snorting produces effects within 3 to 5 minutes, but oral ingestion takes 15 to 20 minutes before effects are felt. After the initial rush, there is typically a state of high agitation that in some individuals can lead to violent behavior.

What are methamphetamine's side effects?

The side effects of methamphetamine are very similar to those of amphetamines. Heart, breathing, and blood pressure rates increase, and sensations of hunger and fatigue are reduced. The mouth becomes dry, and swallowing is difficult. The users' pupils are dilated, and reflexes are faster.

What are methamphetamine's long-term effects?

Methamphetamine can cause a variety of short- and long-term cardiovascular problems, including rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, and irreversible, stroke-producing damage to small blood vessels in the brain. Chronic methamphetamine abuse can result in inflammation of the heart lining and, among users who inject the drug, damaged blood vessels and skin abscesses. Long-term heavy use may also lead to malnutrition, skin disorders, ulcers, and diseases resulting from vitamin deficiencies. Abusers often have episodes of violent behavior, paranoia, anxiety, confusion, and insomnia. Heavy users show progressive social and occupational deterioration. Psychotic symptoms can persist for months or years after methamphetamine use has ceased.

What are some common street names for methamphetamine?

It is commonly referred to as speed, meth, crystal meth, and chalk. In its smoked form, it is often referred to as ice, crystal, crank, and glass.